Saturday, December 28, 2019

With The Rapid Growth Of World Population, The Limited

With the rapid growth of world population, the limited supply of the non-renewable energy demand is increasing, especially in the developing countries. This situation causes the risk of depletion of cheap fossil energy sources, as well as environmental pollution and climate change. Therefore, the researchers worldwide have been tried continually to find solutions for the diversification of energy sources, reduce harmful emissions and emissions of greenhouse into the environment, and the renewable energy have been the centre of attention. The renewable energy is that energy which is collected from the renewable energy sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. This energy can be used again and again and it will†¦show more content†¦In contrast, renewable energy does not create greenhouse gases and has little or no waste products such as carbon dioxide or other chemical contaminants. Renewable energy resources produce very less carbon dioxide inste ad of carbon intensity of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas while being only a small amount of fuel during manufacture of equipment, Walser (2012). Without creating any contaminants, we can convert energy from one form to another with the help of renewable energy resources. Chandler (2006) takes solar energy as an example, light energy from the sun can be easily converted into electricity using solar panels without causing any contaminated gases like carbon monoxide or other greenhouse gases. Similarly, wind energy can also be converted into electricity without causing any pollution. Wind turbines are very safe, so this is obviously a great advantage of causing renewable energy for environment as it has minimal impacts on environment and is also pollution free. Apart from that, a diversified energy mix is another important benefit of the renewable energy resources, Pasolini (2012). It is an important and necessary addition to the security of global energy, while fossil fuels are increasingly depleted. In some cases, the renewable energy may be more reliable than other forms of electricity. For illustration, the renewable energy technologies such as generator powered by photovoltaic cell canShow MoreRelatedGlobal Environmental Issues Of The World1540 Words   |  7 Pagesthat becomes more intense as the world s population—and our use of natural resources—keeps booming(1). It should be noted that there are 7 continents (Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Europe, Australia and Antarctica) and 196 countries without including sub-nations and islands in the world. This is not shocking to people as the world dynamics cannot be completely studied as population trends change from time to time due periodic occurrences. Populat ion debates like this are why, in 2011Read MoreGlobal Environmental Issues Of The World1605 Words   |  7 Pagesbecomes more intense as the world s population—and our use of natural resources—keeps booming(1). It should be noted that there are 7 continents (Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Europe, Australia and Antarctica) and 196 countries without including sub-nations and unoccupied islands in the world. This is not shocking to people as the world dynamics cannot be completely studied as population trends change from time to time due periodic occurrences. Population debates like this are why,Read MoreOverpopulation Is A Catastrophe?841 Words   |  4 Pagesresult, most countries of the world have experienced enormous changes in the people number. These changes have boomed considerably and have converted to overpopulation. Currently, the global population is 7 billion, and the increase rate is 1.3% annually that means by the end of the twenty-first centu ry the population will reach twelve billion (Keenan, 2013). Therefore, there is a huge debate going on right now regarding overpopulation. For some people, explosion in population has no detrimental impactsRead MoreThe Effects Of Low Food Production On Africa925 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussed. Firstly, rapid growth of population in Africa is responsible for degradation and soil erosion, decline of the land’s ability to recovery, and retain productivity. The unpredictable droughts or floods also introduce high levels of risk into farming, particularly in food production (Mortimore. M. 2005). In addition, limited smallholder agriculture and agricultural investment are also the main concerns that are causing the low food production in Africa. Other concerns including limited agriculturalRead MoreThe Development Of The World Population1528 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, the development of the world population directly depends on the mode of social production, especially the leve l of development of productive forces. In the history, mankind got the tremendous progress in productivity often with the population rapid develop. In the primitive society, the primitive society s population birth rate and the mortality rate all maintained at about 50% because of the objective law and the social production mode. The number of the population maintain in a state of highRead MoreOverpopulation can be described as the failure of the world’s resources to sustain the population.1600 Words   |  7 Pagessustain the population. The limited natural resources have increased challenges for countries facing this. This paper covers the effects of overpopulation in the world today. The current worlds population is approximately six billion people, and the amount of time that it takes for the population to increase by another billion is decreasing with each billion. It is estimated that they will be about eight billion people by the year 2020, and this is due to its continuation of growth† (Southwick 159)Read MoreRapid Population Growth : A Country With The Largest Human Population1378 Words   |  6 Pagesin the developing world have generally produced more rapid population growth rates in mid-transition than historically observed in the North. Two factors account for this very rapid expansion of population in these still largely traditional societies: the spread of medical technology such as immunization and antibiotics after World War II, which led to vastly rapid declines in death rates, and a lag in declines in birth rates. Nigeria is a country with the largest human population in Africa. Some ofRead MoreThe Rise Of The Standard Of Living1738 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesThe various nations worldwide are involved in the constant quest to improve their economic growth that in turn would pave a way for the increase in the standard of living. This is especially true for under-developed and developing economies that have immense growth potential and need to exploit their available resources through prudent policy measures and structural reforms to improve the standard of living of the people. However, this increase in the standard of living leads to increased consumptionRead MoreOverpopulation And Its Effects On The Environment1428 Words   |  6 Pagesproblem. This past year world population exceeded 7.3 billion and continues to grow at an alarming rate. By the year 2050 it is projected that world population will exceed over nine billion. Overpopulation puts a serious strain on the world and its resources and is a root cause of many environmental issues. Issues such as, climate change, diminishing biodiversity, and pollution, are all ju st some of the problems caused by overpopulation. In order to control the rapid population growth it is imperative thatRead MoreProbably The Greatest Ecological Problem Of Our Time Is1051 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem of our time is the rapid growth of the human population. During most of the time humans have lived on Earth, its population has grown fairly steadily and slowly. For example, between the years 10 000 and 500 a. the global population passed from 5 million to 100 million. By the year 13000 of our era it reached 500 million, and by the beginning of the nineteenth century it had doubled to 1000 million. Since then there has been a real explosion of the human population, reaching more than 5000

Friday, December 20, 2019

Walmart - 2477 Words

For the fourth year in a row, Wal-Mart is number one on Fortune magazine s annual list. Holding the top spot on the Fortune 500 is a distinction that many companies strive to obtain. However, does size equal financial growth and stability? This paper will research Wal-Mart s financial situation through analyzing its many different financial ratios. Methodology For the purpose of this research, all ratios, and pertaining data was retrieved from Mergent Online. The industry used for comparison was obtained by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which replaced the U.S. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). (http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/naics.html) This peer group reported by NAICS via Mergent includes†¦show more content†¦Now in 2004, that $0.06 is superior to the industry average of nearly $0.02. This clearly explains Wal-Mart s strong and consistent profitability over the past 5 years. However, it has taken aggressive business decisions, marketing, and efficient management of company assets to reach this point. Asset Management The difference between great companies and average companies is their level of commitment to improving their processes. Wal-Mart is undoubtedly an extremely successful company. However, the commitment to improvement that got them to that spot will determine whether they stay there. Wal-Mart s consistency in its profitability is something to look highly upon; however, is this consistency a sign of inefficient management of company assets? We will look to the following section for the answer. By comparing the revenue to the total assets, we will see the effectiveness of Wal-Mart s management of its assets. See Figure 5, shown below. Figure 5 The revenue/total assets ratio, also known as Asset Turnover Ratio, shows effectiveness of assets on the company s revenue. Over the period, Wal-Mart has maintained a return of approximately $2.50 per $1 of asset. This return is comparable to the industry average of $2.25. This means that Wal-Mart is more aggressive in its uses of assets than the industry. A high ratio compared with other firms in the same industry could indicateShow MoreRelatedSears, Roebuck and Co. vs. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Essays1615 Words   |  7 PagesGuillermo Villavicencio Salazar, Alex Edmundo Zavaleta Franco, Lorena Guadalupe San Salvador, 12 de julio de 2010. Sears, Roebuck and Co. vs. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. En el presente trabajo se realiza una comparacià ³n entre las empresas SEARS y Walmart a travà ©s de un anà ¡lisis de los Estados Financieros de ambas empresas y sus respectivas razones o à ­ndices. A continuacià ³n se presentan los Estados Financieros de Sears Roebuck and Co. A continuacià ³n se presentan los Estados Financieros de Wal-MartRead MoreWalmart : Walmart. Walmart1795 Words   |  8 PagesWalmart Walmart is one of the successful company in the US and outside the US. The strategies that push Walmart behind competitors are low cost and outperforming the competitors. Walmart has been adopting from the past and use their experience to maintain the company and push the company to become successful in the US and worldwide. So, what are the factor that Walmart use for their company? In order to have an understanding about Walmart , You should know about its overview of Walmart, OverviewRead MoreWalmart : A Branch Of Walmart1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe company I researched is a branch of Walmart, one of the largest discount retail companies in the world. The company is comprised of small store chains and was founded back in 1962 by Samuel Walton. Walmart sells practically everything at very low price and it’s one of the largest employers in the United States. Walmart is available in over 11,488 locations with its headquarters being Bentonville, Arkansas United States. The current chairman of Walmart is Gregory B. Penner and the CEO is DougRead MoreWalmart : Founder Of Walmart Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pages1. Briefly trace the history of Walmart. Sam Walton is the founder of Walmart that follows his own principle where, â€Å"true leadership depends on willing service.† Walmart was inspired by the early success of a dime store in 1950s that Walton owned. Sam opened Walmart in 1962 in Rogers, Kansas. Sam Walton thought of Walmart as a way to earn profits through volume of sales by making prices low as possible and give great service for the consumers. The strategy they built was based on a foundation whereRead MoreWalmart658 Words   |  3 PagesWalmart was founded in 1962 and by 1990’s grew into the biggest retailer in the United States. Many business organizations such as Walmart invest heavily in information systems to achieve the following strategic business objectives: operational excellence; new products, services, and business models; customer and supplier intimacy; improved decision-making, competitive advantage; and survival. Successful attainment of these objectives aids company in implementing corpora te strategies and achievingRead MoreWalmart : Company Background Of Walmart1596 Words   |  7 PagesCompany Background Walmart was founded by Sam Walton and opened July 2,1962 in Rogers Arkansas. Walmart went public in 1970, and the first stock was sold for $16.50 a share. In 1972 Walmart was listed on the New York Stock Exchange (WMT). With 51 stores, Walmart recorded sales of $78 million. Walmart was officially incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. in 1969 the following year they went national. Walmart has been built of the result of Sam Walton’s visionary leadership. Sam had made his associatesRead MoreWalmart1018 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary Walmart is the world’s biggest private employer with more than 2.2 million employees working in more than 8500 stores in 15 countries under 55 different names. It is world’s third largest public corporation and one of the world’s most valuable companies. Walmart has a tremendous product line which includes general merchandise, apparel, toys, domestics, grocery, fabrics notions, stationery books, cellular phones service plan contracts, shoes, housewares, hardware, electronicsRead MoreWalmart Case Analysis : Walmart922 Words   |  4 Pages WALMART CASE STUDY Walmart revolutionised the department store structure by drawing consumers away from the classical approach into an urban utopia. Walmart has a high distribution footprint, on average, since 1962 Walmart has acquired 125 stores each year, making them a monumental player in the department store industry. Walmart started as a monopoly occupying the entire market as the original mass commercial outlet. For some time, Walmart was considered a hypercompetitive environment becauseRead MoreWalmart The Master Strategizes : Walmart1744 Words   |  7 PagesWalmart the Master Strategizes Walmart has always been considered a powerhouse in the retail business world. It is encouraging to read the story about how Walmart started as a small store in one location but now Walmart has grown to over 11,000 stores worldwide. There is no mistaking that Walmart has shown itself to be a business that has grown to the ranks of empire among retail. With net earnings of more than $482 billion and a staff of more than 2.2million associates worldwide (Walmart, 2016)Read MoreWalmart2771 Words   |  12 PagesWal-Mart study Case#1 1. What threats and challenges is Wal-Mart currently facing? From the beginning, Walmart did not have many threats. However, not only the competition is different, several global retailers such as Target, Carrefour, Costco, and Amazon, are working hard to keep efficiency. They are trying to work together to shrink the prices difference between them. Walmart has facing difficulties from every single angle. Not only the company has internal labor relation problems, but

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Case Study of JBS Ltd-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of JBS Ltd. Answer: Introduction Human resources are important part to the success of any organization. Human resources enable the management to combine input in the process of producing output for the organization (Boxall, and Purcell, 2011). The human resource department has a responsibility to support the organization by availing labour. Human resource management is therefore involved in managing people through staffing, designing work, employee compensation, and benefits. The human resource management plan is an important activity to aligning the current organization human resource needs and the resources available in the process of achieving organizational goals. The HR plan enables the HR department to forecast need and formulates strategies to ensure availability, retention, and smooth both induction and succession of human resource in the organization. The following report researches planning requirements a case study of JBS Australia. The report also analyses development and implementation of JBS human resource strategic plan. JBS Australia is leading largest meat processor in Australia. The company also produces other products that are by products of meat production such as leather, cleaning products, biodiesel, and pet products. The company has 8500emloyees in different departments in the organization. (Jbssa.com.au, 2017). JBS Human resource plan Objectives The JBS HR plan objectives are as follows; Reduce turnover rate by 5% for the next one year. Recruit 400 new employees for the next 12 months. Increasing training sections to 3 per 6 months Establishment of the management performance to all employees The following objectives create direction for the human resource management of the organization in supporting the mission of the company. Emerging practices The meat industry workforce is faced with several emerging trends that are affecting the planning activities of the human resource management. First there has been increasing need to accommodate and respect LGBT group in the workplace. This trend requires equal treatment that affects how informal interactions are done in the organization. This trend affects the how training are to be done and educating employees to be tolerant and appreciate them in the workplace (Valentine, Mathis, Jackson, 2013). Secondly, there is increasing favors of the locals in terms of job opportunities in the company. Employees with visas are the first to be retrenched in case there is downsizing or redundancy in the company. This trend is likely to decrease diversity in the organization. Labour needs The company labour needs are divided on 5 feedlots, 10 meat processing facilities, and 7 distributing centers in Australia. The company currently has a total of 8500 employees. The company demand for labour is projected to reduce to the increasing competitions especially for lamb meat across the globe. These increasing supplies from other companies are predicted to lead to reduction of employees by 2% in the organization. The company is also expected to lose employees on voluntary turnover of 9% and retirement of 2% per year (Jbssa.com.au, 2017). New Technology Advancement in technological has improved informational systems that have enhanced communication and interactions. The technological advancement is enabling the human resource information system to monitor, evaluate, and control employees. For instance, the social media is creating a platform for the human resource department and the people to interact and give feedback about policies implemented in their workplace. The information technology is also enabling the HR department to create videos that are changing the way training, counseling and inductions are done. Changes in legal and Industrial requirements There has been increasing influence of the Australian Meat Industry Employees Union (AMIEU) for the past 3years. The industry union is planning a solidarity role with the employees in the industry requiring the company to meet certain requirement if it has to retrench employees. This industrial union requires prior communication and reasons for retrenching that influence the HR department ability to make independent decisions amount optimal labour in the organization. There is also increasing legal requirements that are against workplace bullying. Several organizations have also joined the movement against bullying. These laws against bullying require the HR to be educating employees about it and safeguard people the organization against workplace bullying. JBS Human Resource Strategic Plan HR strategic management refers to activities formulated and implemented to support the organizations long term goals. HR strategic plan enables the human resource department activities to align with the overall organizations strategy (Belcourt, Belcourt, 2012). For instance operational cost reduction organizational strategy can be supported by reduced human resource strategy of reducing turnover in the organization. The following section contains a human resource strategic plan. The report also describes how I will consult with managers in the process of formulating a strategic plan for the human resource department. Consultation with managers This is the first process in formulating HR strategic plan. Consulting with the managers involve getting the management preferences in the human resource. These managers include the line managers, operations managers and top level managers. The process of consulting is important to incorporating overall organization preferred strategies to the human resource strategy. Different level mangers execute different strategies that are aligned to the overall organizational strategy (Mitchell, Obeidat and Bray, 2013). These different viewpoints support the formulation of an inclusive, effective, and realistic human resource strategic plan. Managers will be required to provide the number of employees they require, job roles and duties, working hours and skills and knowledge they require an employee to have in order to perform task in their workplace. This information will be used to plan for the human resources required for a given period of time in the organization in terms skills, knowledge , number, and responsibilities. The information from different department is then analyzed and evaluated to create objectives of the strategic human resource plan. The following means will be used to consult with the managers in different levels; Questionnaire: This will involve emailing questionnaires questions to different mangers to give their preference. Video conferencing: This will allow one on one interaction to understand managers preference. Telephone: This involves calling manager and interviewing them to give their viewpoint. JBS HR Values The JBS philosophy is based on the following values; Integrity Equality in both job opportunities and promotion Diversity Sincerity Discipline The above values represent what is generally agreed upon in the company by the managers and employees. Therefore, the strategies will be based on the above strategies in order to get support from management and employees in different departments. Strategic objective of the JBS human resource management The human resource strategic plan objectives are as follows; To give equal job opportunities for applicants Equal promotion opportunities to all employees in the company Employment decisions are to be based on an individual ability and qualifications to perform assigned work. Analysis of costs and benefits The HR strategic plan will reduce the costs of the company that will otherwise have been incurred. The following analysis shows the benefits of the strategic plan and the equivalent cost that the benefit have to the company. These benefits include; Retain employees: The HR strategic plan will ensure the employees are retained that will reduce the cost of recruiting and training. It will also decrease skill and knowledge loss from the company. Experienced employees are effective and efficient that increases the company performance (Rothwell et al., 2008). Avoid being sued: The HR strategic plan ensures there is equality to all applicants and employees in the organization. There is promotion of diversity and equality in the company. This reduces bullying and industrial actions in the company. This reduces possibility of property destruction or failure to perform task that can lead to losses in the company. Bullying can lead to the company being sued that can make the company incur costs defending itself in court of law. Technology and system to support HR strategic plan The following technology will be used to support the HR strategic plan; E-learning technology: This technology will be used to educate and train employees in the company. Performance management monitor: This technology will b used to monitor and create a reminder to both the company management and the employee to ensuring actual performances is in line with the predetermined performance. The following system will be used to support the HR strategic plan; Learning management system: This system will be used to manage employee learning in the company. Risk Management The following risks are associated with the JBS HR strategic plan; Increased turnover Financial difficulties Increasing competition The above risks will be managed in the following ways; Monitoring employees Signing agreement about their tenure Getting a third party to supplement budget Implementation of the JBS HR strategic plan The following section will address the implementation phase of the formulated HR strat5egic plan to make it meet it objective in the company. This will include working with others, monitoring the plan, reviewing the plan, adapting the plan and evaluation of the performance. The HR strategic plan will involve working with other stakeholders in the organization to implement the plan. These stakeholders include HR personnel, supervisors, and senior managers. The employees are also required to corporate in order for the plan to be effectively implemented. In order to ensure smooth working together, it important for all stakeholders to be informed about the HR strategic plan objectives and benefits to the organization (Daley, 2012). The second step is monitoring the plan to ensure the actual activities are as indicated in the plan. Monitoring will be periodic to continuously check the progress of the activities in the company. Monitoring of the plan ensure that only the planned activities are implemented in order to attained the set goals and objectives (Garavan, 2007). This step also shows what can be done to improve the implementation process of the strategic plan. The third step is reviewing the plan to make changes if need be. This step evaluates the implementation of the strategic plan against the set standards to outline what can be done to improve and meet required standards (Arora, 2016). Therefore, reviewing is an important step that will involve evaluation and feedback used to make changes that will correct the implementation process it incorrect. The fourth step in the implementation process will be adapting changes from the previous steps. Adapting to change involve incorporating changes either in the company or legal environment that were not varied in the formulation of the plan. It also involves suggestion of better ideas or newer ways that can be cost effective to the company. Therefore, the adapting step will be important to enabling the company make changes when implementing the strategic plan in order to attain its objectives effectively. Lastly is the evaluation performance step of the implementation process of the HR strategic plan. The evaluation of the strategic plan involves assessment of the implementation process against the set plan objectives. This will involve assessing the achievement of the strategic plan and the predetermined impact. The evaluation phase is important because it will be used to report to the stakeholders about the success of the HR strategic plan. Conclusion From the report on JBS HR strategic plan formulation and implementation, it can be summarized that human resource management is interdependent function that require other stakeholders support in order to succeed. It requires resources to implement and top management for the strategy to be functional and achieve objectives. Lastly, the HR strategic plan should align with the overall strategy of the organization References Arora, R. (2016). Role of Performance Improvement and Instructional Design in Strategic Human Resource Management. Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management, 5(1). Top of Form Belcourt, M., Belcourt, M. (2012). Strategic human resources planning. Toronto, Nelson Education. Boxall, P. and Purcell, J., (2011). Strategy and human resource management. Palgrave Macmillan. Daley, D.M., (2012). Strategic human resource management. Public Personnel Management, pp.120-125. Garavan, T.N., (2007). A strategic perspective on human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9(1), pp.11-30. Jbssa.com.au. (2017). JBS Australia | Our People. [online] Available at: https://www.jbssa.com.au/OurPeople/default.aspx [Accessed 15 Jun. 2017]. Mitchell, R., Obeidat, S. and Bray, M. (2013). The Effect of Strategic Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of High-Performance Human Resource Practices. Human Resource Management, 52(6), pp.899-921. Rothwell, W. J., Prescott, R. K., Taylor, M. W. (2008). Human resource transformation: demonstrating strategic leadership in the face of future trends. Mountain View, Calif, Davies-Black Pub. Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Valentine, S., Mathis, R. L., Jackson, J. H. (2013). Human resource management. Bottom of Form

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Dongiovanni Opera In Modern Times Essay Research free essay sample

Dongiovanni Opera In Modern Times Essay, Research Paper Music has the capableness to convey away many emotions and feelings in a individual. Depending on the tone and the tune of the music, emotions such as choler, joy, and heartache may originate. For illustration, blame music, in general, brings forth emotions such as choler, defeat, and fury to a individual # 8217 ; s head. Tunes such as Celine Dion # 8217 ; s My Heart Will Go On and Aerosmith # 8217 ; s I Don # 8217 ; t Want To Miss A Thing frequently arouse emotions of love, unhappiness, and hope ; # 8220 ; lovey-dovey # 8221 ; feelings which remind a individual of a past or current love. In Mozart # 8217 ; s Opera Don Giovanni, many emotions and feelings, such as hatred, hurt, and sorrow are portrayed and felt through the characters. Opera is a alone genre of spoken word and vocal accompanied by music. The music takes one through rise and falling scopes of emotions. Mozart # 8217 ; s Don Giovanni is a perfect illustration of how this genre emits a broad assortment of feelings and attitudes. This # 8220 ; dark comedy seems to convey Mozart # 8217 ; s experiencing that events have both amusing and serious dimensions? # 8221 ; ( Kerman, 205 ) . The opera, as a whole, is neither entirely comedic nor wholly tragic. The character I have chosen to concentrate on specifically is Donna Elvira. Her character is one that portrays many different functions and expresses many different feelings and emotions. Elvira # 8217 ; s chief intent as a character is the function of the retaliator, seeking retaliation upon Don Giovanni for his false promises and promiscuous mode. However, every bit much as she wants to detest Don Giovanni, ruin his name, and do certain that everyone knows that he is a prevaricator and a # 8220 ; participant # 8221 ; , one besides senses reluctance and fright in non merely her voice, but besides through the music which accompanies her. Her tone is frequently shaken and at times seems to portray her privation for understanding. One finds themselves experiencing sorry for this character and sympathizes with what she has gone through due to Don Giovanni. Although her words are cheeky and unkind ( irrespective of how merely she is in her accusals ) , the music carries a typical beat that provokes the feeling of sorrow and hurting ; therefore one finds oneself experiencing understanding for Elvira. The character of Elvira makes a clear differentiation between her sorrow, and her choler. In Act I when Elvira is foremost introduced as a character, she sings of desiring to kill Don Giovanni because he had lied to her. Falsely assuring her his manus in matrimony, this lone leads to heartache and straiten for Elvira because she genuinely believed that he loved her. Leporello described it, in the Peter Sellars # 8217 ; updated version of Don Giovanni, as a # 8220 ; bad soap opera # 8221 ; . Elvira expresses her hurting and agony in these few lines: # 8220 ; Ah, who can state me where that wretch has gone? I loved him, to my shame, and he broke his religion to me. If I find him once more, and he tries to get away, I ’ll make a atrocious dirt ; I’ll tear his bosom from his chest! † ( Act I, 143 ) . During this scene, Elvira vows to kill Don Giovanni for doing her this heartache. She states that # 8220 ; the villain ( Don Giovanni ) has deceived and betrayed # 8221 ; ( Act I, 145 ) her! She was powerless to his love and gained nil in return except hurting and torment. One can hear the assorted tone of Elvira # 8217 ; s voice ; it is strong and full of rage, yet weak and about tearful. To attach to her words, Mozart has added a alone blend of classical music, which he mixes to make an # 8220 ; opera fan # 8221 ; . The music in this specific scene is somewhat fast-paced, yet its tone is one of soft tune. This combination, as I see it, serves the intent of leting an audience to understand Elvira # 8217 ; s fury and hurting, and hence, becomes compassionate and sympathetic to what the character is experiencing emotionally. The swift-like gait of the music which accompanies Elvira # 8217 ; s words reveals her choler and furry towards Don Giovanni. Most quickly paced music frequently has the consequence of floging people into an emotional, and sometimes physical, frenzy. Examine Eminem # 8217 ; s knap music: his spitfire words and rapid beat get hearers emotionally riled up ( largely geared towards choler and fury ) . Mozart intentionally makes the beat of music in this scene wellbeing because he wants the audience to experience her fury and the emotions Elvira is sing. Therefore, the consequence of this is sympathy towards Elvira, and Don Giovanni is perceived as the scoundrel ( which of class he was ) . On the impudent side, the tone of the music is besides slow and melancholy, which expresses Elvira # 8217 ; s ache and grieve. Although the fast-paced beat gives one a feel for Elvira # 8217 ; s choler, blending it with a slower tone allows the audience to experience her hurting and sympathize with the character even further. The sorrow and softness of the music adds an emotional component of grief and cryings, leting one to reflect on a tainted love from the yesteryear. Having been reminded of past grief and hurting through the music, one now is able to associate with Elvira # 8217 ; s state of affairs and sympathise with her on a new and deeper degree than earlier. By no agencies am I a musical mastermind, I can non even carry a melody if one paid me to ; hence, separating the difference between the tone, beat, and pitch of music is personal trouble for me. However, associating to a character and experiencing emotionally what he/she does is non a undertaking that takes great accomplishment. It is in our nature, as worlds, to be emotionally moved by music. The sound, tune, beat, tone, even words in a vocal provoke emotions based on past experiences and current jobs. Many people, most for that affair, use music as an mercantile establishment for emotion. Some compose, like Mozart, some write wordss, others merely listen to the sounds and allow their emotions as a consequence of the music.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

(1) Forms of business organisations Essays - Free Essays

(1) Forms of business organisations Essays - Free Essays (1) Forms of business organisations Sole Trader: Business owned by one person (generally quite small) but sole trader can have employees Counts as self-employed Individual pays income tax No need to make financial information publicly available Sole trader has UNLIMITED LIABILITY No need to keep formal accounting records No legal procedure required to end the business Business seizes when the owner dies Partnership "A group of sloe traders" Company counts as a legal person JOINT and SEVERAL LIABILITY: all partners are equally liable to all debts. Creditors will sue whoever has the most money ie whoever is most likely to pay Profits don't have to be shared evenly Can share the load/responsibilities with partners Partnerships pay income tax 3 sorts of partnerships: Traditional Partnership: defined by the Partnership Act 1890. Two or more people working together. Not a formal company but may have a trading name. Relatively small number of partners. Unlimited liability. Each partner is equally responsible for debts regardless of profit sharing ratio Limited Partnership: guided by the Limited Partnerships act 1907. Composed of a number of sleeping partners who have limited liability. You still need one general active partner with limited liability Limited Liability Partnership (LLP): governed by the Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000. Has many features of a company but it is still a partnership. Partnership does NOT end when one of the partners dies. Limited Liability. Used mainly by professional firms eg accountants, lawyers, architects, etc. The Company Incorporated following procedures in the Companies Act 2006 Consequences of incorporation: Separate legal personality. We sign legal documents as a company, we are sued as a company, we enter in to contracts as a company (a legal entity) Shareholders have limited liability (normally the amount you invested at the start ie the nominal value of the shares) May have to sign a personal guarantee (you act as a guarantor by providing personal collateral against the debt) if you're a small company Company may be legally liable The company is owned by shareholders, run by directors/managers Public v Private Companies: Public limited= PLC, Private Limited=Ltd Specified in the memorandum PLC still has limited liability Must have at least 50000 authorised capital, 25% of which is paid up If you want to be quoted on the stock exchange you have to be a PLC. But not all PLC's are quoted on the stock exchange PLC has different reporting standards Any other company is Private(Ltd) Limited v Unlimited Companies Unlimited companies are rare Limited companies can be set up for under 200 Limited to the sum invested or what they have agreed to invest (shareholders are not personally liable) Advantages and Disadvantages ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Sole Trader complete control freedom to make decisions easy to set up simple record keeping Unlimited Liability Partnership someone to share load/responsibilities with more funding to work with more expertise Unlimited Liability Limited Company Limited Liability Administratively much more complicated (2) Partnerships General Partnership: an unincorporated business where all partners have unlimited liability. You have joint and several liability Key Legislation: Partnerships Act 1890 (PA 1890) Definition (S1): The relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit' The relation which subsists - partnership is a relationship (between people) NOT a legal entity therefore it does not have a separate legal personality Between persons - a company can be a partner in a partnership, but you need at least one partner with unlimited liability Carrying on a business - (S45) covers everything (every trade, occupation or business) In common - carrying out business together With a view of profit - non-profit organisations eg charities can't be partners. Can have a partnership that fails making profit (doesn't have to have made a profit, just needs to try making a profit) Partnership starts when you start carrying on business, not when deed of partnership is signed Different Sorts of partners: Salaried Partner: receives a salary instead a share of the profits (May or may not have limited liability depending on their agreement. Decided by the courts judgement) Equity Partner: general partner who receives a share of the profits (and losses) Sleeping Partner: partner who invests in the business but doesn't actively manage the business. Court decides whether or not the sleeping partner has unlimited liability Khan v Miah (2001): 3 individuals decided to open a restaurant: bought furniture, equipment, advertised but there was a fallout before restaurant opened and partnership was dissolved - was a partnership formed? (important because if yes, then joint liability for purchases). HELD yes there was a partnership because although they hadn't started trading,

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Social Facts Essays

Social Facts Essays Social Facts Essay Social Facts Essay A. Social Facts Durkheim defined social facts as things external to, and coercive of, the actor. These are created from collective forces and do not emanate from the individual (Hadden, p. 104). While they may not seem to be observable, social facts are things, and are to be studied empirically, not philosophically (Ritzer, p. 78). They cannot be deduced from pure reason or thought, but require a study of history and society in order to observe their effects and understand the nature of these social facts. In The Rules of Sociological Method, Durkheim begins by noting features such as the following (quote 3): Social Facts. When I fulfil my obligations as brother, husband, or citizen, when I execute my contracts, I perform duties which are defined, externally to myself and my acts, in law and in custom. Even if they conform to my own sentiments and I feel their reality subjectively, such reality is still objective, for I did not create them; I merely inherited them through my education. (Rules, p. 1). As examples of social facts, Durkheim cites religious beliefs, currency used to undertake transactions, and factors such as the practices followed in my profession (Rules, p. 2). These types of conduct or thought are not only external to the individual but are, moreover, endowed with coercive power, by virtue of which they impose themselves upon him, independent of his individual will. (Rules, p. 2). While obligations, values, attitudes, and beliefs may appear to be individual, Durkheim argues that these social facts exist at the level of society as a whole, arising from social relationships and human association. They exist as a result of social interactions and historical developments over long periods of time, and come from varying collective representations and diverse forms of social organization (Hadden, p. 04). As individuals who are born and raised in a society, these social facts are learned (through socialization) and generally accepted, but the individual has nothing to do with establishing these. While society is composed of individuals, society is not just the sum of individuals, and these facts exist at the level of society, not at the individua l level. As such, these social facts do exist, they are the social reality of society, a reality that constitutes the proper study of sociology (Cuff et al. , p. 33). The study of social facts is the distinct object or subject matter of sociology (Hadden, p. 105). Durkheim istinguishes social facts from psychological, biological, or economic facts by noting that these are social and rooted in group sentiments and values. At the same time, he distinguishes the study of social facts from philosophy by noting that the real effects of social facts are manifested in external indicators of sentiments such as religious doctrines, laws, moral codes (Hadden, p. 105) and these effects can be observed and studied by the sociologist. The study of social facts is thus a large part of the study of sociology. In order to do this, the sociologist must rid themselves of preconceptions (Hadden, p. 07) and undertake objective study which can focus on objective, external indicators such as religious do ctrines or laws (Hadden, p. 107). Each social fact is real, something that is constraining on the individual and external to the actor. The social fact is not just in the mind of the individual – that is, these facts are more than psychological facts. That these exist in society as a whole, over time, and sometimes across societies, provides some proof of this. At the same time they are in the minds of individuals so they are also mental states. Ritzer notes that social facts can be considered to be mental phenomena that are external to and coercive of psychological facts, such as human instincts. The individual mental state could be considered to intervene between social fact and action (Ritzer, p. 105). Durkheim may not have provided a sufficient analysis of the assumptions underlying, or the characteristics of, these mental states. For Durkheim the study of sociology should be the study of social facts, attempting to find the causes of social facts and the functions of these social facts. Social facts regulate human social action and act as constraints over individual behaviour and action. They may be enforced with law, with clearly defined penalties associated with violation of the sentiments and values of the group. Sanctions may be associated with social facts, for example as in religion, where resistance may result in disapproval from others or from spiritual leaders. Individuals may be unaware of social facts and generally accept them. In this case, individuals may accept the values and codes of society and accept them as their own. Two types of social facts are material and non-material social facts. Material social facts are features of society such as social structures and institutions. These could be the system of law, the economy, church and many aspects of religion, the state, and educational institutions and structures. They could also include features such as channels of communication, urban structures, and population distribution. While these are important for understanding the structures and form of interaction in any society, it is nonmaterial social facts that constitute the main subject of study of sociology. Nonmaterial social facts are social facts which do not have a material reality. They consist of features such as norms, values, and systems of morality. Some contemporary examples are the norm of the one to three child family, the positive values associated with family structures, and the negative associations connected to aggression and anger. In Durkheims terminology, some of these nonmaterial social facts are morality, collective consciousness, and social currents. An example of the latter is Durkheims analysis of suicide. Social facts can also be divided into normal and pathological social facts (Hadden, pp. 08-9). Normal social facts are the most widely distributed and useful social facts, assisting in the maintenance of society and social life. Pathological social facts are those that we might associate with social problems and ills of various types. Suicide is one example of this, where social facts ought to be different. For Durkheim, the much greater frequency of the normal is proof of the superiority of the normal. Durkheim later modified the notion of a single collective consciousness, and adopted the view that there were collective representations as part of specific states of substrata of the collective. That is, there may be different norms and values for different groups within society. These collective representations are also social facts because they are in the consciousness of some collective and are not reducible to individual consciousnesses (Ritzer, p. 87). The social structures, institutions, norms and values that have become part of the study of sociology can be derived from Durkheims approach, and today there is little difficulty distinguishing sociology from psychology. B. Suicide After Durkheim wrote The Rules of Sociological Method, he tackled the subject of suicide as an example of how a sociologist can study a subject that seems extremely personal, with no social aspect to it – even being anti-social. It could be argued that suicide is such a personal act that it involves only personal psychology and purely individual thought processes. Durkheims aim was not to explain or predict an individual tendency to suicide, but to explain one type of nonmaterial social facts, social currents. Social currents are characteristics of society, but may not have the permanence and stability that some parts of collective consciousness or collective representation have. They may be associated with movements such as enthusiasm, indignation, and pity. (Ritzer, p. 87). Hadden notes that Durkheim wished to show that sociological factors were capable of explaining much about such anti-social phenomena (Hadden, p. 109). In the case of suicide, these social currents are expressed as suicide rates, rates that differ among societies, and among different groups in society. These rates show regularities over time, with changes in the rates often occurring at similar times in different societies. Thus these rates can be said to be social facts (or at least the statistical representation of social facts) in the sense that they are not just personal, but are societal characteristics. This can be seen in the following quote (quote 12): Suicide Rates as Social Facts. At each moment of its history, therefore, each society has a definite aptitude for suicide. The relative intensity of this aptitude is measured by taking the proportion between the total number of voluntary deaths and the population of every age and sex. We will call this numerical datum the rate of mortality through suicide, characteristic of the society under consideration. The suicide-rate is therefore a factual order, unified and definite, as is shown by both its permanence and its variability. For this permanence would be inexplicable if it were not the result of a group of distinct characteristics, solidary with one another, and simultaneously effective in spite of different attendant circumstances; and this variability proves the concrete and individual quality of these same characteristics, since they vary with the individual character of society itself. In short, these statistical data express the suicidal tendency with which each society is collectively afflicted. Each society is predisposed to contribute a definite quota of voluntary deaths. This predisposition may therefore be the subject of a special study belonging to sociology. (Suicide, pp. 48, 51). Durkheim takes up the analysis of suicide in a very quantitative and statistical manner. While he did not have available to him very precise or complete data or sophisticated statistical techniques, his method is exemplary in showing how to test hypotheses, reject incorrect explanations for suicide, sort through a great variety of ossible explanations, and attempt to control for extraneous factors. Some of the factors that others had used to explain suicide were heredity, climate, race, individual psychopathic states (mental illness), and imitation. As an example of Durkheims method, consider how he analyzes cosmic factors, such as weather or season. Durkheim (Suicide, p. 107) no tes that in all countries suicide is greater in the summer months, that no country is an exception to this, and that the proportion of suicides in the six warmer months to the six colder months is very similar in each country. Durkheim notes that this has led some commentators to say the heat increases the excitability of the nervous system (Suicide, p. 108). But suicide may result from depression as much as from over-excitement, and heat cannot possibly act the same way on both causes. Further, a closer analysis by Durkheim considers temperature variations and shows that while suicides increase in number as temperature increases, suicides reach a peak before the temperature does. In addition, if temperature is a cause of suicide, warm countries might be expected to have more suicides than cold countries, but the opposite tends to be the case. A related explanation that Durkheim considers is that great changes in temperature are associated with suicide, but again he finds that there is no correlation between suicide rates and the fact of temperature change. Rather, the causes must be in some factor that has continuity over time. He then notes that the rates are more closely connected to the length of day, with suicides increasing as the days grow longer, and decreasing in number as the length of day declines. But it is not the sun itself which is the cause, because at noontime there are fewer suicides than at other times of the day. What Durkheim finds is that the factors associated with higher numbers of suicides must be those that relate to the time when social life is at its height (Suicide, p. 119). The time of day, the day of week, the season of the year, and so on, are not in themselves the reason for the changes in the number of suicides. Rather, the times when social life and interaction among people are greater, are also those associated with increased suicide. Durkheim concludes this section by saying (quote 13): Four Types of Suicide The manner in which social integration and regulation work can be better seen by examining the four fold classification of suicides that Durkheim developed. Durkheim ends his discussion of the organic-psychic and physical environmental factors by concluding that they cannot explain each social group[s] specific tendency to suicide. (Suicide, p. 145). By eliminating other explanations, Durkheim claims that these tendencies must depend on social causes and must be collective phenomena. The key to each type is a social factor, with the degrees of integration and regulation into society being either too high or too low. (The following discussion is drawn from Ritzer, pp. 90 ff. ). 1. Egoistic Suicide. This is the type of suicide that occurs where the degree of social integration is low, and there is a sense of meaningless among individuals. In traditional societies, with mechanical solidarity, this is not likely to be the cause of suicide. There the strong collective consciousness gives people a broad sense of meaning to their lives. Within modern society, the weaker collective consciousness means that people may not see the same meaning in their lives, and unrestrained pursuit of individual interests may lead to strong dissatisfaction. One of the results of this can be suicide. Individuals who are strongly integrated into a family structure, a religious group, or some other type of integrative group are less likely to encounter these problems, and that explains the lower suicide rates among them. The factors leading to egoistic suicide can be social currents such as depression and disillusionment. For Durkheim, these are social forces or social facts, even though it is the depressed or melancholy individual who takes his or her life voluntarily. Actors are never free of the force of the collectivity: However individualized a man may be, there is always something collective remaining – the very depression and melancholy resulting from this same exaggerated individualism. Also, on p. 214 of Suicide, Durkheim says Thence are formed currents of depression and disillusionment emanating from no particular individual but expressing societys state of disillusionment. Durkheim notes that the bond attaching man to life relaxes because that attaching him to society is itself slack. The individual yields to the slightest shock of circumstance because the state of society has made him a ready prey to suicide. (Suicide, pp. 214-215). 2. Altruistic Suicide. This is the type of suicide that occurs when integration is too great, the collective consciousness too strong, and the indivi dual is forced into committing suicide. (Ritzer, p. 91). Integration may not be the direct cause of suicide here, but the social currents that go along with this very high degree of integration can lead to this. The followers of Jim Jones of the People’s Temple or the members of the Solar Temple are an example of this, as are ritual suicides in Japan. Ritzer notes that some may feel it is their duty to commit suicide. (p. 91). Examples in primitive society cited by Durkheim are suicides of those who are old and sick, suicides of women following the death of their husband, and suicides of followers after the death of a chief. According to Durkheim this type of suicide may actually springs from hope, for it depends on the belief in beautiful perspectives beyond this life. 3. Anomic Suicide. Anomie or anomy come from the Greek meaning lawlessness. Nomos means usage, custom, or law and nemein means to distribute. Anomy thus is social instability resulting from breakdown of standards and values. (Websters Dictionary). This is a type of suicide related to too low a degree of regulation, or external constraint on people. As with the anomic division of labour, this can occur when the normal form of the division of labour is disrupted, and the collectivity is temporarily incapable of exercising its authority over individuals. (Ritzer, p. 92). This can occur either during periods associated with economic depression (stock market crash of the 1930s) or over-rapid economic expansion. New situations with few norms, the regulative effect of structures is weakened, and the individual may feel rootless. In this situation, an individual may be subject to anomic social currents. People that are freed from constraints become slaves to their passions, and as a result, according to Durkheims view, commit a wide range of destructive acts, including killing themselves in greater numbers than they ordinarily would. (Ritzer, p. , 92). In addition to economic anomie, Durkheim also spends time examining domestic anomie. For example, suicides of family members may occur after the death of a husband or wife. 4. Fatalistic Suicide. When regulation is too strong, Durkheim considers the possibility that persons with futures pitilessly blocked and passions v iolently choked by oppressive discipline may see no way out. The individual sees no possible manner in which their lives can be improved, and when in a state of melancholy, may be subject to social currents of fatalistic suicide. Summary. Durkheims analysis of suicide shows the manner n which the social as opposed to the psychological and biological can be emphasized, and how it results in some useful ways of analyzing the actions of individuals. Suicide rates as expressions of social currents are social facts that affect societies and individuals within those societies. The study of psychology is still useful in attempting to determine individual motives and the mann er in which the specific circumstances can lead to an individual deciding to voluntarily end their life. But an analysis of these circumstances should be set within the context of the social currents to which that individual is subject. The method of analysis of Durkheim should prove useful even today. In terms of suicide, the social causes are now well recognized, and any analysis of suicide would have to include these. Some combination of egoistic, anomic, and fatalistic types of suicide may help explain and understand this phenomenon. More generally, the method of Suicide is exemplary in providing researchers with a means of understanding the social factors that are associated with particular phenomena. Durkheim examines patterns on the data in an attempt to determine how social factors can play a role in explaining these phenomena. This might be applied to sociobiological arguments today. The trends themselves are not the cause, but indicative of a cause, a social explanation has to be found. C. Conclusions about Durkheim 1. Contributions a. Social Facts and Social Aspects. These are real things that do affect people. He had a strong structural view of society, and the manner in which each of us is influenced by these social facts and how we must fit into these. Durkheim attempted to see a role for the social as distinguished from the economic, psychological and biological. This can be seen in his view of the social influences on suicide rates, where he takes a wide variety of factors and considers their influence on the tendency or aptitude for suicide. The effect of each of these factors is not a simple connection between the factor and the tendency to suicide, but must be mediated by social factors. In particular, the social factors that he identified were the degree of integration and the degree of regulation. For modern theories of sociobiology, and the influence of genetics, Durkheims approach could prove a useful counter. References Cuff, E. C. , W. W. Sharrock and D. W. Francis, Perspectives in Sociology, third edition, London, Routledge, 1992. HM66 P36 1984 Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society, New York, The Free Press, 1933. Referred to in notes as Division. HD 51 D98 Durkheim, Emile, The Rules of Sociological Method, New York, The Free Press, 1938. Referred to in notes as Rules. HM 24 D962 Durkheim, Emile, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, New York, The Free Press, 1951. Referred to in notes as Suicide. HV 6545 D812 Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1971. HM19 G53. Ritzer, George, Sociological Theory, third edition, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1992. HM24 R4938. Social Explanation. If voluntary deaths increase from January to July, it is not because heat disturbs the organism, but because social life is more intense. To be sure, this greater intensity derives from the greater ease of development of social life in the Summer than in the Winter, owing to the suns position , the state of the atmosphere, etc. But the physical environment does not stimulate it directly; above all, it has no effect on the progression of suicide. The latter depends on social conditions. Suicide, pp. 121-122). While this is not a proof or determination of what causes suicide yet, Durkheim notes that the causes must relate to collective life and must be such that these time factors can be incorporated into an explanation. But the explanation must be social in nature, and cannot be simply related to natural factors, these natural factors must work socially, and affe ct some social aspects which are related to suicide. Note that Durkheim s method here is very empirical, and he searches through various sorts of data and evidence to find factors associated with suicide. But the explanation is not simply a relation between these data and suicides. Rather he is searching for social causes or conditions that are expressed through these. That is, he uses data to discover patterns, but the patterns themselves are not the cause of the phenomenon. Rather the cause is social, and the observed, empirical patterns constitute a means of finding underlying causes. Another factor that Durkheim considers is religion. While he does find that religion is associated with suicide, in the sense that Protestant countries and regions have higher suicide rates than do Catholic ones, religious doctrines are not an important factor in explaining these differences. That is, suicide is condemned more or less equally in each religion, and doctrinal statements concerning suicide are all negative. If there is a difference between the two religions with respect to suicide rates, it must be in some aspect of social organization that differs between the two churches. But if this is the factor related to suicide, then it is the social organization that is the cause of the difference, not religion in itself. Giddens notes (p. 83) that Durkheim finds further proof of this in other factors related to social organization, that is, family structure. Where there is more integration in family structure, the suicides are lesser in number. Durkheim argues that the most important aspects of social organization and collective life for explaining differences in suicide rates are the degree of integration into and regulation by society. For Durkheim, integration is the degree to which collective sentiments are shared and regulation refers to the degree of external constraint on people. (Ritzer, p. 90). Catholicism is a more highly integrated religion than Protestantism, and it is in this that the difference in suicide rates is expressed. That is, it is not the religious doctrines themselves but the different social organization of the two religions. As Giddens notes (p. 83), degree of integration of family structure is related in the same way to suicides. Those in larger families are less likely to commit suicide, whereas those in smaller families, or single, are more likely. Over time, various social factors also make their influence felt. Durkheim notes that there was a decline in the number of suicides in all the European countries in 1848, a year of revolution and political change throughout Europe. Times of political crisis, war, and economic change are also associated with changes in the rate of suicide. Each of these great social movements could be considered to be examples of social currents that have widespread impact within and across societies. Ritzer (p. 89) notes that Durkheim was making two arguments. First, he argued that different collectivities have different collective consciousness or collective representation. These produce different social currents, and these lead to different suicide rates. By studying different groups and societies, some of these currents can be analyzed, and the effect of these on suicide can be determined. Second, changes in the collective consciousness lead to changes in social currents. These are then associated with changes in suicide rates (quote 14): Sociological Explanation. The conclusion from all these facts is that the social suicide-rate can be explained only sociologically. At any given moment the moral constitution of society established the contingent of voluntary deaths. There is, therefore, for each people a collective force of a definite amount of energy, impelling men to self-destruction. The victims acts which at first seem to express only his personal temperament are really the supplement and prolongation of a social condition which they express externally. Each social group really has a collective inclination for the act, quite its own, and the source of all individual inclination, rather than the result. It is made up of the currents of egoism, altruism or anomy running through the society under consideration with the tendencies to languorous melancholy, active renunciation or exasperated weariness derivative from these currents. These tendencies of the whole social body, by affecting individuals, cause them to commit suicide. The private experiences usually thought to be the proximate causes of suicide have only the influence borrowed from the victims moral predisposition, itself and echo of the moral state of society. (Suicide, pp. 299-300).

Thursday, November 21, 2019

How to break an unhealthy habit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to break an unhealthy habit - Essay Example Scott (2008) advised that a 30 day trial should be planned to cease the habitual action. The individual should be persistent about resisting the habit and should try to divert his attention to an alternate thing. Replacing the need with an alternative is an important step in break bad habits, such as reducing time to watching TV will require an alternate source for finding information and entertainment. It is also advised to focus on one habit at a time and make rules to ensure fruitful results. The rules to break an unhealthy habit need to be kept simple to ensure that they shall be followed over an elongated period of time. Who doesn’t like a reward at the end of an ordeal? A friend should be given a certain amount of money that can serve as one’s reward at the successful breaking of an unhealthy habit. In the end, it would not be wrong to state that the traits of perseverance and will power bear great relevance in breaking any unhealthy habit since the individual usually finds himself longing for the desired action. The habit should be planned to be broken with an incremental approach, thus increasing the 30 day trial to 2 months, 3 months and so on. Losing unhealthy habits can result in a healthier and productive society that can progress at a greater